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This volume evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by infections with human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II). Although emphasis is placed on carcinogenicity assessment, the monographs also provide richly detailed descriptions of the viruses' genetic and structural features, methods of detection, routes of transmission, geographical distribution of infection, clinical manifestations of non-neoplastic disorders, and currently available methods of treatment and prevention.
For HIV infection, the evaluation of studies of cancer in humans considers abundant evidence, from case reports and epidemiological studies, pointing to greatly increased incidences of Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in persons infected with HIV-1. Data suggesting an association between HIV infection and cervical, anal, and several other cancers are also carefully assessed. Other data considered include findings from animal studies and investigations of the mechanisms by which immune dysfunction may contribute to the genesis of cancer. On the basis of this evaluation, the monograph concludes that infection with HIV-1 is carcinogenic to humans. Infection with HIV-2 was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans.
The second monograph provides a similarly detailed evaluation of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses, which are the only known human oncornavirinae. Concerning studies of cancer in humans, particular attention is given to evidence of an association between HTLV-I and adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma, which occurs almost exclusively in areas where this infection is endemic. In addition, several case-control studies have found an association between HTLV-I seroprevalence and tumours of the vagina, cervix and liver, but confounding effects and bias could not be excluded. The evaluation also considered findings from animal carcinogenicity studies and from investigations of the molecular mechanisms of leukaemogenesis. On the basis of this evaluation, the monograph concludes that HTLV-I is carcinogenic to humans. HTLV-II could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
Contents
Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php
LIBRARY CATALOGUING DATA
IARC MONOGRAPHS
In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk associated with exposures to complex mixtures, life-style factors and biological agents, as well as those in specific occupations.
The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed.
This project was supported by PHS Grant No. 5-UO1 CA33193-14 awarded by the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission.
- ©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996
- IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
- Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses /
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of
- Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1996: Lyon,
- France).
- (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic
- risks to humans ; 67)
- 1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome — congresses 2. Oncogenic Viruses — congresses 3. T-Lymphocytes — congresses I. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans II. Series
- ISBN 92 832 1267 3
- ISSN 0250-9555
- (NLM Classification: W 1)
- Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.
- All rights reserved. Application for rights of reproduction or translation, in part or in toto, should be made to the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
- Distributed by IARCPress (Fax: +33 04 72 73 83 02; E-mail: press@iarc.fr) and by the World Health Organization Distribution and Sales, CH-1211 Geneva 27 (Fax: +41 22 791 4857)
- PRINTED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
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